A plant which lasts for two years. The first season is a leaf and shoot growing phase, during which
energy is stored for the second season's flowering. Biennial vegetables are cropped after the first year.
Examples include parsnips and carrots.
Sometimes one vegetable crop comes to an end a couple of months before you are ready to plant the
next crop on that part of ground. Catch cropping is when you sow a quick maturing crop in this vacant
gap. Suitable crops for filling such gaps include spring onions, radishes and lettuce - they mature quickly
and can be 'out of the way' quickly.
Germinating seed before sowing. This is always done for potatoes, and may also be done for other
seeds, such as sweetcorn, by placing them in a damp, warm place.
A crop grown specifically for digging back into the soil. These may be grown to protect the ground
between crops, to stop nutrients leaking away, or to provide green matter and nitrogen ready for the next
crops. Examples include rye, mustard and broad beans. see
green manure page
The gradual acclimatisation of seedlings grown indoors or in greenhouses to outside conditions, before
transplanting. This is often done in a cold frame which is gradually opened
more and more each day to let in more 'cold' air.
Growing small crops in the spaces alongside larger plants, or alongside plants which are so slow growing
that before they reach maturity the smaller crop will have been harvested. Some plants (such as spinach)
may be grown this way because they benefit from the shade given by the larger crop. Other varieties suitable
for intercropping include radishes, lettuce and early peas.
Mulch
A layer of material placed over the ground, for the purposes of feeding the soil, conserving moisture,
stopping weeds germinating, keeping the soil warm or protecting from heavy rain. Organic mulches include
manure, compost, leafmould, bark, straw or newspaper; non-organic materials include black polythene, carpet
and gravel. See mulching page
Nitrogen fixer
Leguminous plants (like peas) which have bacteria living in nodules on their roots that are able to
'fix' the nitrogen from the soil, so that it may be released later for the next crop. Many green
manures have this characteristic.
Offset
A small, complete plant produced by many bulbous plants. It can be easily removed from the original
bulb and planted on to for another plant.
Perennial
Plants that live for more than two years. Examples of vegetables that are left the same spot for many
years include rhubarb and asparagus.
A specific bed where seeds are sown for germination and growing into small seedlings with the intention
that they will later be transplanted to their final growing position.
This is a vague term which is used ubiquitously. In general, if you place small seeds roughly 1.2
to 2.5cm (half an inch to an inch) apart then you won't go far wrong. Larger seeds (such as peas) are
placed further apart. If the germination rate is high and many seedlings are wasted by later thinning,
just sow thinner next time!
Taking seedlings from a seed bed or container and planting them where they will grow to maturity.
Brassicas are usually transplanted (because they need more room when they grow to maturity than they do
when just germinating). Root crops generally grow poorly after transplanting. In general, water the seedlings
the day before you lift them, and water again after they have been planted in their new position.
When a seed germinates a pair of leaves is produced. The set of leaves to appear after these
are the true leaves. They look much more like smaller versions of the leaves of the mature plant.
